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Pinus monticola |
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Family: Pinaceae |
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Western White Pine |
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The
genus Pinus
is composed of about 100 species native to temperate and tropical regions of
the world. Wood of pine can be separated microscopically into the white, red
and yellow pine groups. The word pinus is the classical Latin name. The word monticola means inhabiting
mountains.
Other
Common Names:
Berg-tall, Columbia pijn, finger-cone pine, Idaho white pine, little sugar
pine, mountain pine, mountain white pine, Norway white pine, pin argente, pin
argente americain, pino bianco americano, pino blanco americano, silver pine,
soft pine, vasterns Weymouth-tall, western white pine, Weymouth berg-pijn,
Weymouth mountain pine, white pine, yellow pine.
Distribution: Western white pine is
native to the mountains ffrom northwestern Montana, extreme southwestern
Alberta and southern British Columbia, south to Washington, Oregon and
California through the Sierra Nevada to western Nevada and central California.
The
Tree:
Western white pine trees reach heights of 180 feet, with a clear bole for 70 to
100 feet and diameters of 3.5 feet. Over mature trees may reach heights of 197
feet, with diameters of almost 6 feet. They may grow for 300 to 400 years.
General
Wood Characteristics:
The sapwood of western white pine is nearly white to pale yellow, while the
heartwood is cream to light reddish brown and may turn darker upon exposure.
The wood has a slight resinous odor, but no characteristic taste. It is
straight grained and has a rather coarse texture. It is also soft, light, is
moderately weak in bending, moderately strong in end compression and moderately
low in shock resistance. It works well with tools, glues well and holds paint
very well. It does not split when nailed, but has medium nail holding ability.
It is easy to dry, has moderate shrinkage and stays in place well after proper
drying. It is low in decay resistance.
Mechanical
Properties (2-inch standard)
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Compression |
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Specific gravity |
MOE x106 lbf/in2 |
MOR lbf/in2 |
Parallel lbf/in2 |
Perpendicular lbf/in2 |
WMLa in-lbf/in3 |
Hardness lbf |
Shear lbf/in2 |
Green |
0.35 |
1.19 |
4700 |
2430 |
190 |
5.0 |
260 |
680 |
Dry |
0.42 |
1.46 |
970 |
5040 |
470 |
8.8 |
420 |
1040 |
aWML = Work to maximum load.
Reference (56). |
Drying and
Shrinkage
Type of shrinkage |
Percentage of
shrinkage |
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0% MC |
6% MC |
20% MC |
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Tangential |
7.4 |
5.9 |
2.5 |
Radial |
4.1 |
3.3 |
1.4 |
Volumetric |
11.8 |
9.4 |
3.9 |
References: (178, 56,
192). |
Kiln Drying
Schedulesa
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Conventional
temperature/moisture content-controlled schedulesa |
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4/4,
5/4 |
6/4
stock |
8/4 |
10/4 |
12/4 |
British
schedule |
Lower grades |
T9-C6 |
NA |
T7-C6 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Upper grades |
T9-C5 |
T7-C5 |
T7-C4 |
T5-C4 |
T8-C3 |
L |
aReference
(28, 185). |
Conventional
temperature/time-controlled schedulesa |
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Lower
grades |
Upper
grades |
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4/4,
5/4 stock |
6/4
stock |
8/4
stock |
4/4,
5/4 stock |
6/4
stock |
8/4
stock |
12/4,
16/4 stock |
Standard |
295 |
301 |
301 |
295 |
301 |
301 |
NA |
aReferences
(28, 185). |
Working
Properties:
It works well with tools, glues well and holds paint very well. It does not
split when nailed, but has medium nail holding ability.
Durability: It is rated as slightly
or nonresistant to heartwood decay.
Preservation: No information
available at this time.
Uses: Matches, boxes, crates,
wall and roof sheathing, interior paneling, windows, panel doors, trim,
moldings, cut stock, foundry patterns, furniture, laminated roof decking,
plywood, veneer, pulp, paper and particle board.
Toxicity: In general, working with
pine wood may cause dermatitis, allergic bronchial asthma or rhinitis in some
individuals (5,9&13).
Additional
Reading and References Cited (in parentheses)
1. Boone, R. S.;
Kozlik, C. J.; Bois, P. J., and Wengert, E. M. Dry kiln schedules for
commercial woods - temperate and tropical. Madison, WI: USDA Forest Service,
FPL-GTR-57; 1988.
2. Dallimore,
W.; Jackson, A. B., and Harrison, S. G. A handbook of Coniferae and
Ginkgoaceae. London, UK: Edward Arnold Ltd.; 1966.
3. Elias, T. S.
The complete trees of North America, field guide and natural history. New York,
NY: van Nostrand Reinhold Co.; 1980.
4. Graham, R. T.
Pinus
monticola
Dougl. ex D. Don. Western White Pine. in: Burns, R. M. and Honkala, B. H.,
tech. coords. Silvics of North America. Volume 1, Conifers. Washington, DC:
USDA Forest Service; 1990; pp. 385-394.
5. Hausen, B. M.
Woods injurious to human health. A manual. New York, NY: Walter de Gruyter; 1981.
6. Henderson, F.
Y. A handbook of softwoods. London: HMSO; 1977.
7. Little, jr.
E. L. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). Washington,
DC: USGPO, USDA Forest Service, Ag. Handbook No. 541; 1979.
8. Lowery, D. P.
Western White Pine, an American wood. Washington, DC, USA.: USDA Forest
Service, FS-258.; 1984.
9. Mitchell, J.
and Rook, A. Botanical dermatology: plants and plant products injurious to the
skin. Vancouver, BC: Greenglass Ltd.; 1979.
10. Simpson, W.
T. Dry kiln operator's manual. Madison, WI: USDA Forest Service, FPL Ag.
Handbook No. 188; 1991.
11. Summitt, R.
and Sliker, A. CRC handbook of materials science. Vol. 4. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
Press, Inc.; 1980.
12. USDA. Wood
handbook: wood as an engineering material. Madison, WI: USDA Forest Service,
FPL Ag. Handbook No. 72; 1974.
13. Woods, B.
and Calnan, C. D. Toxic woods. British Journal of Dermatology. 1976;
95(13):1-97.