Category: Research Papers
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 619 kb(s)

Abstract: Interior gray enzymatic oxidative stain for white woods such as maple has plagued the wood industry for many years because methods that have been found to reduce stain are hard to scale up to industrial levels. We examined possible alternative treatments to eliminate stain in soft maple (Acer rubrum L.), and found that exposure to sulfur dioxide gas eliminates interior gray stain and that staining might occur at different temperatures depending on the age of the logs. Comparing sawn and split boards showed that both eliminated surface stain, but sawing eliminated it to a greater depth. A mild kiln schedule also seems to reduce staining, and this solution may be easier and more economical to implement on an industrial scale, both domestically and internationally, because no other processing is required.

Keywords: soft maple; enzymatic stain; gray stain; interior stain; oxidative stain; sulfur dioxide

Category: TMU Brochure
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 129 kb(s)

Abstract: Small- and moderate-sized communities in forested areas face danger from forest fires burning out of control. Even if fires are constrained to the forest and flames do not jump the boundaries to inhabited areas, damages are great.

Keywords: forest fires, boundaries

Category: TMU - Woody Biomass Grant Utilization Program
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 281 kb(s)

Abstract: Eligibility, Award Information and Criteria for the 2010 Woody Biomass Utilization Utilization Grant Program.

Keywords: Woody biomass grant 2010 Eligibility Award Information Full Application, Prelimary application

Category: TMU - Woody Biomass Grant Utilization Program
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 96 kb(s)

Abstract: Full application for the 2010 Woody Biomass Utilization Utilization Grant Program. Full application shall be post marked by April 2, 2010 and received no later than 5:00 PM Central Standard Time on April 9, 2010.

Keywords: Woody biomass grant 2010 Eligibility Award Information Full Application, Prelimary application

Category: TMU - Woody Biomass Grant Utilization Program
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 56 kb(s)

Abstract: Pre-application for the 2010 Woody Biomass Utilization Utilization Grant Program. Must be postmarked by November 20, 2009 and received no later than 5:00 PM Central Standard Time on November 27, 2009.

Keywords: Woody biomass grant 2010 Eligibility Award Information Full Application, Prelimary application

Category: TMU - Woody Biomass Utilization Status Report
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 44 kb(s)

Abstract: Status report from TMU (Technology Marketing Unit) that summarizes successfull American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) and Woody Biomass Utilization Group (WBUG) activities.

Keywords: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act ARRA Woody Biomass Utilization Group WBUG economic stimulus package Biomass removal Biomass processing

Category: TechLines
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 56 kb(s)

Abstract: This spreadsheet contains two worksheets and has no macros. The Fuel Value Calculator will help you calculate how much you could afford to pay for alternative heating fuels based on your current fuel source, its cost, and estimated recoverable heating values. The Power Calculator will help you estimate savings when considering generating electricity from woody biomass. The calculations in both worksheets are based on the energy in the fuels and their typical combustion efficiency but do not consider other costs (such as capital or maintenance costs, conversion costs, or fuel handling costs).

Keywords: software, excel, fuel, heating, latent, moisture content

Category: TMU - Woody Biomass Utilization Status Report
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 5080 kb(s)

Abstract: The woody biomass utilization grant program is intended to help improve forest restoration activities by using and creating markets for small-diameter material and low-valued trees removed from forest restoration activities, such as reducing hazardous fuels, handling insect and diseased conditions, or treating forestlands impacted by catastrophic weather events. These funds are targeted to help communities, entrepreneurs, and others turn non-merchantable woody biomass from forest restoration activities into marketable forest products and/or energy products. The Woody Biomass Utilization Grant program is administered by the State and Private Forestry (S&PF) Technology Marketing Unit, located at the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL), Madison, WI.

Keywords: grant status report woody biomass

Category: TMU - Woody Biomass Utilization Status Report
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 1750 kb(s)

Abstract: The woody biomass utilization grant program is intended to help improve forest restoration activities by using and creating markets for small-diameter material and low-valued trees removed from forest restoration activities, such as reducing hazardous fuels, handling insect and diseased conditions, or treating forestlands impacted by catastrophic weather events. These funds are targeted to help communities, entrepreneurs, and others turn non-merchantable woody biomass from forest restoration activities into marketable forest products and/or energy products. The Woody Biomass Utilization Grant program is administered by the State and Private Forestry (S&PF) Technology Marketing Unit, located at the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL), Madison, WI.

Keywords: grant status report woody biomass

Category: TMU Brochure
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 919 kb(s)

Abstract: Public and privates forests are in critical need of restoration by thinning small-diameter timber. If economical and value-added uses for this thinned material can be found, forest restoration costs could be offset and catastrophic wildfires would beminimized. At the same time, forestry-dependent rural communities - faced with diminishing timber supplies, loss of jobs, high unemployment, and declining community vitality - are looking for new ways to make a living from nearby forests. From information gathered in onsite interviews, this report describes how several businesses and community organizations are contributing to the health of the forest and their community by successfully making use of small-diameter and underutilized material.

Keywords: small-diameter timber, forest restoration, roundwood, small business

Category: TMU Brochure
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 1570 kb(s)

Keywords: Technology, marketing, assistance, communities, small diameter, roundwood, partner, accomplishments

Category: TMU Brochure
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 1427 kb(s)

Keywords: Technology, marketing, assistance, communities, small diameter, roundwood, partner, accomplishments

Category: TMU Brochure
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 1368 kb(s)

Keywords: Technology, marketing, assistance, communities, small diameter, roundwood, partner, accomplishments

Category: TMU Brochure
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 864 kb(s)

Keywords: Technology, marketing, assistance, communities, small diameter, roundwood, partner, accomplishments

Category: TMU - NewsLetter
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 35 kb(s)

Abstract: 

Category: TMU - NewsLetter
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Category: TMU - NewsLetter
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Category: TMU - NewsLetter
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Category: TMU - NewsLetter
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Category: TMU - NewsLetter
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Category: TMU - NewsLetter
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Category: TMU - NewsLetter
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Category: TMU - NewsLetter
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Category: TMU - NewsLetter
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Category: TMU - NewsLetter
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Category: TMU - NewsLetter
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Category: TMU - NewsLetter
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Category: TMU - NewsLetter
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Category: TMU - NewsLetter
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Category: TMU - NewsLetter
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Category: TMU - NewsLetter
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Category: TMU - NewsLetter
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Category: TMU - NewsLetter
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Category: TMU - NewsLetter
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
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Category: TMU - NewsLetter
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 35 kb(s)

Abstract: 

Category: TMU - Woody Biomass Utilization Status Report
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 964 kb(s)

Abstract: 

Category: Not Classified
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 173 kb(s)

Abstract: Biopower is the production of electricity from renewable biomass resources. The production cycle has five key elements: biomass supply, transportation, handling, conversion, and electricity generation. Biopower is a proven commercial electricity generating option in the United States, and with about 11 GW of installed capacity, is the single largest source of non-hydro renewable electricity (Fig. 1). This 11 GW of capacity encompasses about 7.5 GW of forest product and agricultural industry residues, about 3.0 GW of generating capacity from municipal solid waste, and 0.5 GW of other capacity (e.g., landfill gas). The majority of electricity production from biomass is being used and is expected to continue to be used as base load power in the existing electrical distribution system.

Category: Not Classified
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 101 kb(s)

Abstract: This paper explains and describes the concepts of wood en-ergy on a residential, commercial, and industrial scale in the United States so that the Forest Service can help meet the de-mands of communities involved in the forest-products indus-try. In addition, terminology associated with this field is explained so individuals can develop a basic understanding of and familiarity with technical terms common to bioenergy. Definitions specific to wood energy are given at the end of this report.

Category: Not Classified
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 299 kb(s)

Abstract: The Intelligent Consumption Project (ICP), a joint effort of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters and the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, has sought to explore the role that informed consumer choices can play in shaping conservation policy and practice, and ultimately in shaping our landscape. Intelligent consumption is viewed as a critical part of our society’s continuing effort to develop a viable conservation ethic. The expected increase in the world’s population within this century will present society with challenges unprecedented in our history as a species. Not the least of these will be the challenge of providing food, energy, shelter, clothing, and other goods for an expanding population that is increasingly affluent and able to consume. The ICP has examined how intelligent choices, guided by a consumption ethic, can and should contribute to conservation efforts domestically and globally.

Category: Not Classified
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 61 kb(s)

Abstract: As of August 2007, about 2.1% (2.1 quadrillion Btu, or quad; 2.2 EJ) of energy used in the United States came from wood. This could potentially increase to 10 quad (l0.6 EJ), or about 10.0% of U.S. energy use. This amount of wood is readily available. Wood use is competitive with other fuels in some applications now and will become more competitive as fossil fuel prices continue to increase at a more rapid rate and environmental pollution from burning fossil fuels receives more attention. Development of wood energy is needed to ensure our energy security.

Category: National Fire Plan
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 305 kb(s)

Abstract: Request for Proposals: Woody Biomass Utilization Grants—Forest Restoration Activities on National Forest System Lands

Category: National Fire Plan
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 110 kb(s)

Abstract: The goal of this research project is to develop value-added uses for small-diameter curved trees. During logging or thinning operations, much of this low-value timber is left standing or left on the ground because mills are typically not equipped to handle this material. In a partnership among the Forest Products Laboratory (Madison, WI), Wyoming Sawmill (Sheridan, WY), Genesis Laboratories (Batavia, IL), and University of Wyoming (Laramie, WY), several technologies are being combined to determine if small-diameter curved trees can be utilized to produce value-added structural products:

Category: National Fire Plan
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 72 kb(s)

Abstract: The goal of this research project is to develop economically viable processes and products that can utilize forest undergrowth and whole tree trimmings from logging operations. Thinning or clearing of these components can be encouraged in the private sector, and costs to the federal government for fire mitigation can be minimized. In a partnership among the Forest Products Laboratory (Madison, WI), Southern Research Station (Pineville, LA), Bolton-Emerson Co. (Lawrence, MA), and Genesis Laboratories, Inc. (Batavia, IL), several technologies are being combined to determine if whole tree material can be utilized to produce value-added structural panel products:

Category: Not Classified
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 205 kb(s)

Abstract: Request for Proposal - The USDA Forest Service, State & Private Forestry,Technology Marketing Unit, located at the Forest ProductsLaboratory, will again be requesting proposals for forestproducts projects that increase the use of woody biomassfrom or near national forest lands.

Category: Not Classified
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 254 kb(s)

Abstract: The USDA Forest Service, State & Private Forestry, Technology Marketing Unit, located at the Forest Products Laboratory, will again be requesting proposals for forest products projects that increase the use of woody biomass from or near national forest lands. The National Woody Biomass Utilization Grant Program is intended to help improve forest restoration activities by using and creating markets for small-diameter material and low-valued trees removed from hazardous fuel reduction activities. These funds are targeted to help communities, entrepreneurs, and others turn residues from hazardous fuel reduction projects into marketable forest products and/or energy products. In fiscal year 2008, $4 million was available for the Program. The Request for Proposal (RFP) will be similar to the program offered in 2007 and 2008. Individual grants will not be less than $50,000 or more than $250,000. The maximum length of the award is 3 years from the date of award. Written, quarterly financial and semi-annual performance reports will be required. Forest Products Laboratory ? Technology Marketing Unit One Gifford Pinchot Dr. ? Madison, WI 53726-2398 ? 608-231-9200 ? 608-231-9310 (fax) www.fpl.fs.fed.us/.tmu Issued 05/08 The Request for Proposal (RFP) will be announced in the fall of 2008 in the Federal Register and on www.grants.gov. Check our website http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/tmu (under Woody Biomass Grants) for updates.

Category: Not Classified
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 30 kb(s)

Abstract: Introduction: A federal grant award is considered financial assistance that provides support which stimulates or helps to accomplish a public purpose. A federal grant can be in the form of money or property (e.g. equipment) to aid in accomplishing a public purpose. This Q&A paper provides simple language as to how equipment is managed between the federal agency and a grant recipient. Equipment is defined as a tangible nonexpendable property having a useful life of more than one year and a fair market value of $5,000 or more. The grantee shall call the Forest Products Laboratory Grant Officer if they are contemplating changes in equipment ownership or usage, as described in the Woody Biomass Utilization grant. Any changes MUST BE APPROVED prior to action. The Federal regulations governing equipment are 2CFR 215.34 for non-profit organizations, institutions of higher education, hospitals, for-profit businesses and organizations and 7 CFR 3016.32 for State and local governments.

Category: Not Classified
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 142 kb(s)

Abstract: Jim Jungwirth of Hayfork, Calif. discovered he could make a small business work by making flooring out of forest restoration by-products. Ron Porter of Hamilton, Mont. found that it was profitable to make structures out of small trees left in their round shape. And Robb Walt of Littleton, Colo. is using scrapwood to make wood chips that can provide power to energy-starved communities.

Category: Not Classified
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 61 kb(s)

Abstract: SUMMARY: The USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Technology Mar-keting Unit, located at the Forest Products Laboratory, requests proposals for forest product projects that increase the use of woody biomass from National Forest System lands. The woody biomass utilization grant program is intended to help improve forest restoration activities by using and creating markets for small-diameter material and low-valued trees removed from forest restoration activities, such as reducing hazardous fuels, handling insect and diseased conditions, or treating forestlands impacted by catastrophic weather events. These funds are targeted to help communities, entrepreneurs, and others turn residues from forest restoration activities into marketable forest products and/or energy products.

Category: TMU Brochure
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 1025 kb(s)

Abstract: Roundwood Construction - Building with round logs is not a new concept—our ancestors used large (>10 in.) round logs to build their dwellings. Those structures, however, were labor intensive and an inefficient use of the wood resource. So, what has changed? Today, structures built from small-diameter (?6 in.) round timbers have new fastening systems and connections and are engineered to meet performance specifications. Through engineering design, trusses made from small-diameter roundwood balance more closely the required wood resource with the required structural performance. Roundwood structures built nowadays are less labor intensive, provide an efficient use of our wood resource, and still have the equivalent load capacity of the large round timbers used historically.

Category: TMU Brochure
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 137 kb(s)

Category: TMU Brochure
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 227 kb(s)

Abstract: In an effort to provide assistance with forest resto-rations in the West, the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) has been exploring the concept of using small-diameter softwood timber to build roundwood structures. To demonstrate this small-diameter concept, FPL has been working with National Forests and forestry-dependent communities to build two roundwood demonstration structures that will be displayed as information kiosks at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Keywords: roundwood, timber, small diameter, kiosk, truss, restoration

Category: General Technical Reports
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 1.4 MB kb(s)

Abstract: Forests in the United States contain a significant amount of small-diameter and underutilized material. These overstocked stands not only increase the risk of insect, disease, fire, and drought damage, but also are costly to remove. Finding economical and marketable uses for small-diameter and underutilized material would alleviate these problems while improving watershed health and providing economic opportunities for local communities to help offset forest management costs. An extensive research program at the Forest Products Laboratory of the USDA Forest Service is focused on searching for economical and marketable uses for small-diameter material. The projects described in this report range from conserving timber through improving sawing technology to developing businesses for using small-diameter material.

Keywords: Smallwood, Wood utilization, Research projects

Category: General Technical Reports
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 936 KB kb(s)

Abstract: This publication discusses basic marketing and economic concepts, planning approach, and feasibility methodology for assessing log sort yard operations. Special attention is given to sorting small diameter and underutilized logs from forest restoration, fuels reduction, and thinning operations. A planned programming approach of objectively determining the feasibility of establishing a log sort yard operation is recommended. This critical thinking will help develop the strategic, marketing, business, and operational plans to guide the development and operation of the log sort yard. Preliminary financial feasibility should begin early in the planning process to help focus efforts on potentially viable opportunities and save time, effort, and money from chasing poor investment scenarios. After options are narrowed, detailed resource assessment, markets, and financial analyses are done. Several critical factors are considered and evaluated for each log sort yard scenario. Although commercial log sort yards have a proven track record throughout North America, small community--based and government-operated log yards have had limited success. Serious consideration must be given to employing an experienced log sort yard contractor to operate and manage day-to-day operations. Several operational, policy, and judicial issues need to be resolved for successful operation of government and community log sort yards in the United States.

Keywords: Log sort yard, small-diameter, economics, feasibility, marginal logs, community log sort yard, government log sort yard, planned programming

Category: General Technical Reports
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 1.3 MB kb(s)

Abstract: This report provides a general overview of current log sort yard operations in the United States, including an extensive literature review and information collected during on-site visits to several operations throughout the nation. Log sort yards provide many services in marketing wood and fiber by concentrating, merchandising, processing, sorting, and adding value to logs. Such operations supply forest products firms with desired raw materials, which helps improve their bottom line by reducing the number of marginal logs processed. Ultimately, sorting logs leads to better use of the available timber resources. Successful log sort yards are self-sufficient and have well-established markets and a steady supply of wood. Log sort yard concepts and analyses described in this report have broad applications.

Keywords: Log sort yard, small diameter, underutilized species, value-added, sorting, log scaling, log grading, log merchandising

Category: General Technical Reports
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 2.1 MB kb(s)

Abstract: Many of our national forests are in critical need of restoration. These forests are dense, with an abundance of small-diameter, tightly spaced trees and underbrush that can contribute to the rapid growth of fire. If economic and value-added uses for this small-diameter and unmerchantable material can be found, forest restoration costs could be offset and catastrophic wildfires would be reduced. This document tells the story of several U.S. wood product businesses that are successfully making use of this small diameter and unmerchantable material. Some stories describe how the USDA Forest Service National Woody Biomass Grant Program is improving forest restoration by creating markets for this thinned material. One USDA Forest Service project in particular, the White Mountain Stewardship Contract, involves several wood product businesses that are receiving small-diameter and unmerchantable material and successfully producing value added products.

Keywords: Small-diameter timber, forest restoration, roundwood, small business, unmerchantable timber

Category: General Technical Reports
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 2.0 MB kb(s)

Abstract: More than 73 million acres of our national forests and millions more in public and private forestlands are in need of some form of restoration. Our forests are declining in health because of major changes over the years in forest structure and composition. However, restoration of these overstocked stands is extremely expensive. If new, economical, and value-added uses for thinned material can be found, forest restoration costs could be offset as the threat of catastrophic wildfires is reduced. This is the third document that tells the story of several wood product businesses and communities across the country that are successfully using thinning material from forest restoration projects and converting it into wood products and biomass energy. Telling these small-diameter success stories is intended to accomplish several goals but three in particular: (1) clarify and enumerate the value and importance of funding programs to help small businesses and forestry-dependent communities; (2) provide marketing tools for these businesses; and (3) create a forest restoration networking system across the United States.

Keywords: Small-diameter timber, forest restoration, roundwood, small business, unmerchantable timber, Woody Biomass Utilization grant, Bureau of Land Management, stewardship contracting

Category: General Technical Reports
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 403 KB kb(s)

Abstract: The inadequate transportation infrastructure and undeveloped markets for sawmill residues in southeast Alaska are among the factors that limit the use of this forest resource. This study considers the potential use of sawmill residues to supply two bioenergy systems that would produce thermal energy for (1) community heating and (2) a lumber dry kiln in Hoonah, Alaska. The proposed community heating system would be a direct combustion system, burning approximately 1,450 green tons (1.315 green metric kilotons) of wood fuel per year to provide heating for seven centrally located buildings in Hoonah. Additional sawmill residues would be used in another system to provide process heat for a proposed 25,000 board foot (41.3 m3) dry kiln. The Hoonah sawmill typically produces as much as 5 million board feet (8,255 m3) of lumber per year, primarily from western hemlock and Sitka spruce. The processing of this amount of lumber would result in an adequate volume of residue to provide a fuel source for the heating requirements of the proposed projects. Wood residue from the sawmill is assumed to be available at no cost other than for transportation. Use of wood fuel for community heating would save an estimated 65,000 gallons (2.47 kL) of heating oil per year. Avoided fuel costs would be approximately $91,500 per year based on No. 2 fuel oil at a market price of $1.40 per gallon ($0.37 per liter). Based on a project life of 25 years and a contingency rate of 25%, the expected after-tax internal rate of return (IRR) for the community heating portion of the project is 29.6%. Total installed costs for the 1,195,000 Btu/h (350 kWthermal) community heating system, including distribution piping and its installation and backup oil systems, are estimated to be $631,000. For the lumber dry kiln, in the second heat-generating system, economic results were less favorable, with expected energy savings of $82,900 per year and an after-tax IRR of 24.1% (also assuming 25% contingency). Estimated installed cost of the 1,536,000 Btu/h (450 kWthermal) dry kiln system with a backup oil system is $513,800.

Keywords: Biomass, wood energy, lumber drying, wood residues, sawmill, Alaska

Category: Journal Articles
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Category: Journal Articles
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 66 KB kb(s)

Abstract: Among the most abundant of our undervalued hardwoods are the soft maples. However, other species that are also underutilized include some species of birch and some lower grades of the hard maples. This chapter covers physical, mechanical, and other important properties of different soft maples, hard maples, and yellow birch and compares them with the properties of benchmark species. The benchmark values are taken to be average values for eight species of southern yellow pine.

Keywords: Hardwoods, moisture, specific gravity, mechanical properties, maple, yellow birch, modulus of elasticity, elasticity, maple, moisture content, shrinkage, compressive strength, shear strength, strength

Category: Journal Articles
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Category: Journal Articles
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 257 KB kb(s)

Abstract: In most developing countries wood and charcoal are the predominant fuels for preparation of food to maintain the quality of life that encompasses the majority of citizens. In many developing countries wood fuels are also important for small and medium size industries. Moreover, energy from wood continues to be important in industrial countries. In the USA biomass including waste wood and alcohol from corn provided about 3.3% of total energy consumption in 2000. This was more than was provided by conventional hydroelectric power and more than other forms of renewable energy. Wood energy is consumed in a variety of forms that include fireplace lengths, chunkwood, chips, sawdust and shavings, black liquor from pulp manufacture, pellets, fireplace logs, briquettes, charcoal, gasified wood fuel, and liquefied wood fuel. Wood provides warmth and comfort to homes through burning in fireplaces and automated heating systems. And even in industrial countries wood is used for cooking where it is burned in specially designed stoves for convenience or on grilles to bring out special flavors. Wood fuel is important to commercial wood manufacturing facilities where waste wood can be disposed and used profitably for energy at the same time. In areas where wood from logging and manufacturing is abundant, other industries such as brickmaking and cement manufacture also benefit from sales of wood fuel. In some South American countries wood charcoal provides the fuel for smelters in manufacturing steel. Some major considerations in using wood for fuel are environmental impact, economics, convenience, reliability, and simplicity. On balance, wood is an environmentally benign fuel. It tends to be more economic than some other fuels, but may be less convenient.

Keywords: Fuelwood, wood fuel, charcoal

Category: Journal Articles
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 43 KB kb(s)

Abstract: With greatly increased gasoline and diesel prices in the United States, worldwide crude oil prices at record levels, dependence on imports from insecure sources, and environmental concern over accumulation of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, residents and legislators recognize the increasing need for alternative supplies of transportation fuels. Production of ethanol from wood is not yet economically viable, but new legislation supports research to solve problems and provides subsidies that can make manufacturing profitable.

Keywords: Fermentation, cellulose, alcohol, alcohol as fuel, biomass conversion, biomass energy, biotechnology, wood, chemical utilization, biomass fuel, wood as fuel

Category: Journal Articles
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 426 KB kb(s)

Abstract: Small-diameter and underutilized (SDU) material refers to the timber that is left in the forest because it is not economical to remove, or local capacity to process it does not exist. SDU material also includes the dense, understory present through-out the forest as a result of 50 years of successful fire suppression. It has become apparent that there are many beneficial forest management reasons why this material should be removed, including reducing fire hazards, altering the stand species and quality mix to a more desirable composition, providing healthier wildlife habitat, and protecting watersheds.

Keywords: Smallwood, Wood utilization, Fire prevention, Logging. , Prescibed burning, Thinning, Western states of USA

Category: Journal Articles
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Category: Journal Articles
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Category: Journal Articles
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 35 KB kb(s)

Abstract: This presentation discusses a success story of cooperative research and development (R&D) and commercialization of ultrasonic detection technology for locating internal defects in lumber. The R&D work described in this paper is the result of a unique federal laboratory and private sector partnership between the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) and Perceptron, Inc., a manufacturer of scanning systems for the forest products industry. Efforts by research engineers at the FPL on applying ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods proved successful in laboratory and industrial trials. As the industrial licensee, Perceptron is commercializing this technology and bringing it to the market place. This cooperative research and development project has expanded to cover a number of commercial forest products manufacturing applications. In addition, the presentation explains the various ways in which the private sector can tap into FPL's expertise and research capabilities.

Keywords: Internal defects, detection, lumber, ultrasonic detection, Forest Products Laboratory, cooperative research and development projects

Category: Journal Articles
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 57 KB kb(s)

Abstract: Log-sort yards provide better utilization and marketing with improved value recovery of currently available timber resources in North America. Log-sort yards provide many services in marketing wood and fiber by concentrating, merchandising, manufacturing, sorting, and adding value to logs. Such operations supply forest products firms with desired raw materials, which helps improve a company's bottomline by reducing the number of marginal logs processed. Successful log-sort yards are self- sufficient and have a good business plan, well-established markets, and a steady supply of wood. Concepts and analysis have broad application to effective marketing of a full range of multiple log products. The authors are preparing a guidebook for developing and operating successful log-sort yard operations.

Keywords: Log-sort yards, forest products industry

Category: Journal Articles
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Category: Journal Articles
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 75 KB kb(s)

Abstract: Statistical Process Control (SPC) provides effective tools for improving process quality in the forest products industry resulting in reduced costs and improved productivity. Implementing SPC helps identify and locate problems that occur in wood products manufacturing. SPC tools achieve their real value when applied on the mill floor for monitoring and troubleshooting processing problems. This paper looks at SPC tools called control charts and describes the interpretation of statistical process control information as it relates to troubleshooting processing problems and improved mill efficiency. The presentation is designed to bridge the gap between quality control and process performance problems encountered on the mill floor. Example control charts with step-by-step procedures show how control charts help identify processing and quality problems. A case study is presented to illustrate the benefits of such things as lumber size control, tightening up, and improved mill efficiency.

Keywords: Quality control, statistical process control, SPC, forest products industry

Category: Journal Articles
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Category: Journal Articles
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 37 KB kb(s)

Abstract: Quality control (QC) programs do not often realize their full potential. Elaborate and expensive QC programs can easily get side tracked by the process of building a program with promises of 'Someday, this will all pay off.' Training employees in QC methods is no guarantee that quality will improve. Several documented cases show that such activity-centered efforts often see little improvement in quality, cost, or productivity. The discussion in this paper builds on the quality improvement efforts of mill managers and QC supervisors by focusing on specific measurable and achievable results—the results-driven approach. Companies just beginning quality control efforts or those struggling to achieve measurable results will benefit from this information. Our goal is to increase your understanding and skill in where and how to begin an effective quality improvement effort in your operations.

Keywords: Quality control, productivity, forest products industry

Category: Journal Articles
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 227 KB kb(s)

Abstract: In July of 2005, U.S. airlines were losing money. Some were in bankruptcy or on the verge of bankruptcy. The world's Number 1 auto producer, General Motors, was losing money and market share. By the end of the month sales had set records, but this was mainly because of costly sales incentives. The U.S. dollar that had been at a high point of $1.29 in exchange for the euro on January 13, 2004 was worth around 83 euro cents. Oil prices had just gone to a record level of over $60 per barrel. This does not mean that the world's Number 1 economy is headed for disaster, but it is symptomatic of a problem of too much dependency on foreign oil imports.

Keywords: Energy industries, economic aspects, fuelwood industry, renewable energy sources, energy consumption, biomass energy, wood waste as fuel, renewable natural resources, statistics, fuelwood, wood gasification, utilization, wood as fuel, biomass gasification

Category: Journal Articles
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Category: Journal Articles
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU
File size: 1.0 MB kb(s)

Abstract: 'Wood Fueled Boiler Financial Feasibility' is a spreadsheet program designed for easy use on a personal computer. This program provides a starting point for interested parties to perform financial feasibility analysis of a steam boiler system for space heating or process heat. By allowing users to input the conditions applicable to their current or proposed fuel systems, 'Wood Fueled Boiler Financial Feasibility' provides an opportunity to compare wood or bark fuel as alternates to the existing fuel. This program has been designed for use by most decision-makers seeking basic insight such as annual savings and potential payback of wood fuel. More detailed financial feasibility estimates can also be done on a 20-year period of analysis for those who have greater technical expertise and are more knowledgeable in conducting such analyses. It is suggested that first-time users read this manual and carefully examine all explanatory text in the spreadsheet related to entries, calculations, and interpretations prior to initial use of the spreadsheet.

Keywords: Fuelwood industry, economic aspects, energy industries, steam boilers, efficiency, feasibility studies, fuelwood, wood waste as fuel, wood as fuel, Excel, Wood Fueled Boiler Financial Feasibility

Category: TechLines
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Abstract: Troubleshooting the causes of bandsaw cracking is not a simple matter. An in-depth understanding of sawfiling practices is required for efficient operation and maintenance of bandsaws for sawmilling. Bandsaw cracking can result from one or several factors. The following information and checklist provide a starting point for sawfilers in determining causes of cracking in bandsaws that are 6 in. and wider.

Keywords: bandsaw, cracking, sawfiler, Techline

Category: TechLines
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Abstract: Biomass energy technology for small-scale systems holds tremendous opportunities for offsetting local energy needs. The State and Private Forestry Technology Marketing Unit (TMU), located at the Forest Products Laboratory, provides assistance to rural communities and businesses to diversify and expand their economic opportunities by developing value-added uses for thinned material from the forest. In one of TMU?s latest projects, they teamed with the U.S. Department of Energy, through the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), to demonstrate nationwide the use of a small-scale biomass system that produces 15 kW of electricity by gasifying wood chips. When this technology is commercially available, it will provide a reliable and efficient source of heat and power, using both agricultural and forest residues (also see TechLine Wood Biomass for Energy).

Keywords: -Biomass, energy, BioMax, gasifier, heat, power, Techline-

Category: TechLines
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - tmu

Abstract: Blue stain is caused by microscopic fungi that commonly infect only the sapwood of trees, using parts of the sapwood (including simple sugars and starches) for food. They cannot grow in heartwood or most wetwood that does not contain the necessary food substances. Blue stain fungi are prone to cause bluish or grayish discoloration of the wood but they do not cause decay. Blue stain has no effect on the strength of the wood.

Keywords: -blue stain, discoloration, decay fungi, white-rot fungi, Techline, fungicide-

Category: TechLines
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Abstract: Wood treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA), commonly called ?green-treated? wood, dominated the residential market for several decades and was sold at lumberyards under a variety of trade names. However, as the result of voluntary changes submitted by CCA registrants, labeling of CCA by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) now permits the product to be used primarily for industrial applications. Use of wood treated prior to 2004 is not affected by this change. This development has raised questions about the availability of CCA-treated wood and the properties of alternative types of treatments.

Keywords: -CCA, treated wood, preservatives, ACQ, CBA-A, CA-B, green-treated, chromated copper arsenate, copper azole, alkaline copper quat, end tag, Techline-

Category: TechLines
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Abstract: Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is a commercially applied preservative that is widely used to protect wood from attack by decay fungi and insects. CCA-treated wood is commonly sold at lumberyards as -green treated- wood. The target concentrations of chromium, copper, and arsenic in CCA-treated wood depend on its intended use. The most common CCA treatment retention, 6.4 kg/m3 (0.4 lb/ft3), is applied to wood intended for use in contact with the ground. Chromium, copper, and arsenic in CCA-treated wood are bonded to the wood through chemical reactions, but a small percentage of these elements gradually leaches out of the wood over time. People are sometimes concerned about this leaching when CCA-treated wood is used in playground equipment and decks. One way to reduce leaching and alleviate these concerns is by coating the treated wood.

Keywords: chromated copper arsenate, CCA, treated wood, coatings, leaching, techline

Category: TechLines
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Abstract: The Fuel Value Calculator is a tool that can be used to compare typical unit costs of various fuels. Originally developed by A.B. Curtis, Jr., of the USDA Forest Service’s Southern Region, the fifth edition of the Calculator has been published in cooperation with the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, and the Pellet Fuels Institute in Arlington, Virginia. The following information is to be used in conjunction with the Calculator, which is available by contacting the Forest Products Laboratory.

Category: TechLines
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Abstract: Research at the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) related to durability and disaster mitigation includes damage by decay fungi and termites and contamination by mold fungi. All these household pests are attracted to excess moisture, which can result from inadequate surface drying of condensation, leaks in pipes and foundations, poor ventila-tion, or flooding.

Keywords: Techline, mold, decay, termite, fungi, deterioration, moisture

Category: TechLines
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Abstract: The Technology Marketing Unit is exploring the potential of log sort yards for providing better utilization of our forest resources and improved value recovery of small-diameter material and underutilized species. Log sort yards may also have application in enhancing the Nation?s capability for managing forest land by improving the utilization and marketing of wood and biomass removed from thinning operations and forest fuels reduction work.

Keywords: log sort yard, economics, value added, business planning, small diameter, Techline

Category: TechLines
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Abstract: The Forest Products Laboratory has developed a new primer that improves the bond performance of resorcinol-based adhesives used to glue wood to plastic laminates or preservative-treated timbers. This primer, hydroxy-methylated resorcinol (HMR), also helps enhance the bonding durability of other adhesives, such as one-part polyurethane resins and epoxies, to wood.

Keywords: -Techline, adhesive, primer, bond, HMR, resorcinol-

Category: TechLines
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Abstract: In the decorative wood market, spalted wood is in high demand. Spalting is caused by certain white-rot decay fungi growing in wood?primarily hardwoods such as maple, birch, and beech. The fungi create ?zone lines? in the wood where territories of competing fungi meet. The unusual coloration?black, pink, gray, and multicolored streaks?may result from reactions between the wood, the decay fungi, and insect deposits. If these decay fungi are allowed to grow for too long, however, the strength of the wood is diminished.

Keywords: -spalted, decorative, white-rot fungi, Techline, decay-

Category: TechLines
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - tmu

Abstract: Indoors or out, wood is affected by moisture. Wood swells when it gets wet and shrinks as it dries, whether the moisture is liquid water (like rain or dew) or water vapor in the form of high humidity. However, wood coated with the proper finishes will be affected less than wood left unfinished.

Keywords: moisture, humidity, finishes

Category: TechLines
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Abstract: Sawmill technical assistance is available from the Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) of the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. Although assistance is generally limited to responding to technical lumber manufacturing inquiries, onsite assistance is considered at the request of your State forest products utilization and marketing specialist. Sawmill layout, design, construction, and other in-depth studies are referred to consultants.

Keywords: -sawmill, lumber, log breakdown, recovery, quality control, Techline-

Category: TechLines
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Abstract: Throughout the West, our National Forests face increased risk of catastrophic wildfire because of an overabundance of dense, overstocked forest stands. This situation results from more than 50 years of effective fire exclusion. To restore the open, parklike setting that existed in presettlement times, these stands need thinning followed by prescribed fire. Such restoration is expensive, but if we can find economic uses for the thinning material, some of the costs can be offset. The Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) has been exploring the concept of using small-diameter timber for roundwood structures, such as in this covered picnic shelter demonstration structure.

Keywords: -small diameter, roundwood, engineering, timber, design, demonstration structure-

Category: TechLines
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Abstract: Deterioration affects the value of softwood logs for uses ranging from lumber to pulp chips. Logs should be processed as soon as possible after felling, especially during warm weather. Until they are processed, measures must be taken to maintain log quality. Logs should be brought to a log yard as soon as possible. Storing logs in the forest or on the landing for long periods attracts wood-boring insects and can encourage insect outbreaks.

Keywords: -storage, deterioration, moisture content, sapwood, stain, Techline-

Category: TechLines
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Abstract: Wood in contact with the ground, or above ground that often gets wet, will eventually be attacked by decay fungi and insects. With the exception of naturally du-rable species, such as redwood and cedar, wood used in these applications should be pressure treated with preservatives if it is expected to last more than a few years. Several new wood preservatives developed in recent years have added to the variety of preservatives available.

Keywords: ACQ ACZA CCA CC CBA, CDDC, Cresote, pentachlorophenol, penta, copper naphthenate, pressure treated, wood, oil-type, water-based, preservatives-

Category: TechLines
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Abstract: Wood fuel has several environmental advantages over fossil fuel. The main advantage is that wood is a renewable resource, offering a sustainable, dependable supply. Other advantages include the fact that the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted during the burning process is typically 90% less than when burning fossil fuel. Wood fuel contains minimal amounts of sulfur and heavy metals. It is not a threat to acid rain pollution, and particulate emissions are controllable.

Keywords: -Biomass, energy, gasification, cogeneration, combustion, cofiring, heat, power, Techline-

Category: TechLines
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Abstract: To convert low-value wood resources into high-value products, researchers at the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) are combining wood fiber with thermoplastic resin, resulting in wood?plastic composites (WPCs). To optimize composite performance, researchers are exploring material options, investigating processing effects, and improving engineering performance and durability.

Keywords: -composites, WPC, wood-plastic, pellets, wood fiber, thermoplastic resin -

Category: TechLines
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Abstract: Throughout the 19th century, seemingly endless grasslands covered the Southwest. These grassy savannas were kept in balance largely through wildfires that periodically swept through vast areas. With settlement of the West and the resulting growth in population, an increased demand for meat resulted in rangeland being used as grazing areas for cattle and sheep. Although these grasslands were excellent for this purpose, overgrazing soon became prevalent. At the same time, fire-suppression methods improved. These factors created ideal conditions for the spread of juniper and pinyon and allowed them to encroach on the rangelands, creating millions of acres of small-diameter woodlands. In turn, this encroachment, now estimated at 60 million acres, resulted in a number of ecological problems, including lowering of the water table, reduction of rangeland, severe erosion, and pollution of streams and lakes. Finding an economical use for material from these woodlands may alleviate some of these ecological tensions.

Keywords: composite. wood-plastic, juniper, pinyon, signs

Category: TechLines
Unit: Forest Products Technology Marketing Unit (TMU) - TMU

Abstract: Throughout the 19th century, seemingly endless grasslands covered the Southwest. These grassy savannas were kept in balance largely through wildfires that periodically swept through vast areas. With settlement of the West and the resulting growth in population, an increased demand for meat resulted in rangeland being used as grazing areas for cattle and sheep. Although these grasslands were excellent for this purpose, overgrazing soon became prevalent. At the same time, fire-suppression methods improved. These factors created ideal conditions for the spread of juniper and pinyon and allowed them to encroach on the rangelands, creating millions of acres of small-diameter woodlands. In turn, this encroachment, now estimated at 60 million acres, resulted in a number of ecological problems, including lowering of the water table, reduction of rangeland, severe erosion, and pollution of streams and lakes. Finding an economical use for material from these woodlands may alleviate some of these ecological tensions.

Keywords: composite. wood-plastic, juniper, pinyon, signs